A Level Politics – Advantages of Representative Democracy
The fundamental benefit of representational democracy is that government is carried out by professional politicians who must be well-informed on political topics. As a result, they are more likely to make politically informed decisions than the general public, who may be driven by emotion and may not completely comprehend the complexity of a situation. A parliamentary bill, for example, will have been meticulously drafted by ministers and civil servants, debated in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, and further scrutinised in committee stage, when modifications may be added. When making choices in a representative democracy, elected leaders must strike a balance between competing interests. This is critical for safeguarding the rights of all citizens, particularly minorities, and ensuring that the consequences of a decision are thoroughly considered by all members of the community. In direct democracy, on the other hand, citizens vote based on their own self-interest, without regard for the impact on others. This is more likely to promote a majoritarian form of democracy, in which minorities' rights and interests may be overlooked. An MP's representational function. 'Your representative owes you, not only his labour, but his judgement, and he betrays instead of serving you if he sacrifices it to your opinion,' Edmund Burke (1729–97) said in an address to the voters of Bristol in 1774. Given that Burke was an outspoken opponent of slavery and that the merchant elite of Bristol was built on the slave trade, this was a bold assertion that, if elected, Burke would act on his conscience rather than what his electors expected. These words are frequently used to describe the concepts that underpin representational democracy. Representative democracy also includes the notion of accountability, which means that people can determine whether or not to renew their representatives' mandates in regular elections. In other words, if the public disapproves of a government's policies, it has the option of electing a new one.
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A Level Politics – Representative Democracy
Representative democracy is predicated on the idea that elected officials should reflect all of their people' interests. As a result, MPs spend a large amount of time in their communities, attending public meetings and surgeries to listen to constituents' concerns. Politicians, on the other hand, should not just act in accordance with the wishes of their constituents. They would only be a delegate if they accomplished this. Instead, they should consider the feelings of the people they represent, as well as their party's agenda and broader understanding of a subject, before making judgments. To put it another way, representatives should act based on their best judgement rather than slavishly obeying the preferences of the voters. The Westminster Parliament has 650 members, all of whom are elected by their constituents on a regular basis. Devolved governments exist in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, with elected mayors and local councils providing additional public representation. A Level Politics -Types of Democracy in UK
The UK's current democratic systems In this post, we examine two types of democracy in the United Kingdom: representative democracy and direct democracy. Democracies with representatives The United Kingdom is a representational democracy, meaning that people choose politicians to make decisions on their behalf. In a modern democracy, there are so many intricate political decisions to be made that it would be impossible for the public to have the time and comprehension to vote on all of them. Professional politicians are responsible for gaining this level of political knowledge so that they may make educated judgments in the best interests of the entire country. Regular elections hold elected politicians accountable to the voters in a representative democracy. This indicates that the voters retain sovereignty since they decide whether or not to renew their representatives' mandates. A Level Politics - Participation and Democracy
Winston Churchill famously stated in the House of Commons in 1947 that "democracy is the worst form of government except for all those other forms." Although his support for democracy may appear qualified, Churchill recognised that democracy is the best form of government accessible because it roots power in the people. This is because citizens hold their government accountable for the actions it takes on their behalf and elect the politicians they wish to represent them. Power is permanently entrenched in one individual or group in autocratic forms of governance, giving them absolute control over their people. The commencement of the United Kingdom's journey toward genuine democracy can be traced all the way back to Magna Carta (1215), and possibly even to the Anglo-Saxon witan, giving the United Kingdom a strong claim to having the world's longest democratic history. In the United States, at the height of the American Civil War in 1863, President Abraham Lincoln (1861–65) articulated the notion of democratic democracy in his Gettysburg Address, stating that "government of the people, by the people, for the people." Tanah Rizab Melayu
Peruntukan Tanah rizab melayu ada disebut dalam perlembagaan. Tanah rizab Melayu yang telah diambil untuk dibangunkan oleh kerajaan haruslah diganti. Tujuan wujudnya tanah rizab Melayu adalah disebabkan oleh kerajaan British yang ingin menjamin hak pemilikan tanah orang Melayu dibandar. Ini disebabkan oleh tindakan Inggeris ketika penjajahan di mana tanah orang Melayu telah diambil. Bangsa Melayu
Berdasarkan sejarah kewujudan pentas benua, bangsa Melayu merupakan penduduk tempatan yang membentuk kumpulan Melayu Nusantara. Perkara 160(2) Perlembagaan Persekutuan memberi definsi orang Melayu sebagai: -beragama Islam -berketurunan Melayu -bertutur dalam bahasa Melayu -Mengamalkan adat dan budaya Melayu Bahasa Kebangsaan
Bahasa Melayu merupakan Bahasa kebangsaan seperti yang termaktub dalam Perkara 152 Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Kedudukan Bahasa Melayu tidak boleh dipertikaikan dan tertakluk pada Akta Hasutan. Namun, bahasa lain masih boleh dipelajari. Bahasa Melayu digunakan sebagai bahasa rasmi kerajaan. Penggunaan bahasa rasmi ini dikecualikan dalam: -perhubungan antarabangsa -nasihat perundangan -latihan oleh pakar antarabangsa -kerja dan aktiviti oleh Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Pindaan terhadap Bahasa Melayu hanya boleh dilakukan dengan mendapat persetujuan daripada Majlis Raja – Raja dan sokongan 2/3 daripada Ahli Parlimen. (Perkara 159(5)) Agama Bagi Persekutuan
Perkara 3 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menyatakan bahawa agama islam merupakan agama bagi Persekutuan Malaysia. Agama lain boleh diamalkan oleh penganutnya Yang DiPertuan Agong adalah ketua agama di negeri baginda sendiri, Wilayah Persekutuan dan di negeri- negeri tidak beraja yang alin. Sultan / Raja mempunyai kuasa dan ketua agama di negeri masing – masing. STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 -Kedudukan Istimewa Orang Melayu dan Bumiputera di Sabah dan Sarawak5/24/2022 Kedudukan Istimewa Orang Melayu dan Bumiputera di Sabah dan Sarawak
Perkara 153 Perlembagaan Persekutuan menyediakan beberapa keistimewaan kepada orang Melayu dan bumiputera Sabah dan Sarawak. Antara keistimewaan tersebut adalah: -peruntukan pembiayaian pendidikan -menyediakan kuota paa kadar tertentu kepada orang Melayu dan bumiputera untuk mendapatkan tempat di institusi pendidikan -memberikan peluang kepada orang Melayu dan bumiputera untuk melanjutkan pelajaran ke luar negara. -peruntukan jawatan dalam perkhidmatan awam. -peruntukan kuota permit dan lessen bagi memberi peluang kepada kaum Melayu dan bumiputera terlibat dalam aktiviti perniagaan -peruntukan kuota seperti kuota pemberian kontrak perbekalan dalam perlaksanaan dasar-dasar kerajaan dan perakuan tanah rizab bagi kaum Melayu dan Bumiputera. Penamatan Kewarganegaraan
Penamaatan kewarganegaraan boleh dilakukan melalui : -penolakan -pelucutan Pelucutan Taraf kewarganegaraan Individu yang terlibat telah memperolehi kewarganegaraan asing -Kerajaan Persekutuan berhak melucutkan kewarganegaraan individu yang telah memperolehi kewarganegaraan asing. Kerajaan Persekutuan juga berhak melucutkan kewarganegaraan individu yang menggunakan hak warganegara asing yang tertentu yang diberikan secara khusus oleh negara tersebut kepada warganegara tersebut secara sukarela. Pelucutan Taraf kewarganegaraan yang diperolehi secara naturalisi atau pendaftaran. Ini akan berlaku jika: -berlaku kesilapan dalam proses pemberian kewarganegaraan. -wujud penyembunyian fakta, penipuan atau kenyataan palsu. -tidak menunjukan sebarang bentuk kesetiaan kepada negara melalui perbuatan dan percakapan. -bersubahat dengan musuh dalam apa bentuk peperangan termasuk perang perdagangan. -dihukum penjara sekurang –kurangnya 12 bulan atau denda sekurang –kurangnya RM5000 dan gagal memperolehi pengampunan dalam tempoh 5 tahun mulai dari tarikh pendaftaran atau dari tarikh perakauan diberi. -memperolehi kewarganegaraan lain ( dwikewarganegaraan) -perempuan asing bercerai dengan suami warganegara sebelum dua tahun tarikh perkahwinan -bermaustatin di negara asing melebihi lima tahun secara berterusan dan tidak mendaftar di pejabat kedutaan Malaysia / Konsulat Malaysia di sana. -menjalankan tugas untuk kerajaan asing di luar persekutuan dengan mengangkat sumpah bagi tugasan terbabit. Kerajaan Persekutuan berhak melucutkan kewarganegaraan anak yang berumur kurang daripada 21 tahun bagi individu yang menamatkan atau melucutkan kewarganegaraan. Individu yang telah melucutkan atau melepaskan kewarganegaraan Malaysia boleh mendaftar semula kewarganegaraan sebagai warganegara Malaysia tetapi individu ini perlu mendapat kelulusan daripada Kerajaan Persekutuan terlebih dahulu. Individu ini perlu memperolehi Permit Masuk dan taraf Pemastautin Tetap ( Permanent Resident) untuk melayakkannya membuat permohonan secara rasmi. |
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