STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 – Raja Berpelembagaan
-Malaysia mengamalkan prinsip Raja Berpelembagaan -Ketua negara Malaysia adalah Yang Dipertuan Agong -Ketua negeri adalah Sultan, Raja atau Yang Dipertua Negeri -kuasa Ketua Negara dan Ketua Negeri daladh berpandukan kepada perlembagaan yang berprinsipkan raja berperlembagaan.
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STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 – Sistem Pemerintahan Malaysia
Sistem Pemerintahan di Malaysia adalah berasakan demokrasi berparlimen, raja berpelembagaan dan doktrin pengasingan kuasa. Yang DiPertuan Agong merupakan ketua negara dalam sistem beraja di Malaysia. Perkara 1 dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan menyatakan bahawa Malaysia mengamalkan sistem kerajaan Persekutuan. Terdapat lima elemen penting dalam sistem Kerajaan Persekutuan: -Yang DiPertuan Agong -Majlis Raja – Raja -Ketua Audit Negara -Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan -badan pemerintahan ( badan perundangan, badan kehakiman dan badan eksekutif Dalam sistem Kerajaan Persekutuan terdapat tiga peringkat pentadbiran kerajaan iaitu: -Peringkat Persekutuan atau Pusat ( Federal Government) -Peringkat Negeri ( State Government) -Peringkat Kerajaan Tempatan ( local Government) STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 – Perlembagaan dan Kestabilan Sosial
Perlembagaan Persekutuan merupakan medium untuk menyelesaikan masalah. Perlembagaan menetapkan garis panduan , hak dan tanggungjawab setiap rakyat. Sebarang masalah, isu atau kemusykilan akan dirujuk kepada perlembagaan. Dari segi sejarah, perlembagaan lahir melalui komitmen antara kaum yang dikenali sebagai kontrak sosial. Semangat tolak ansur antara kaum Melayu, Cina dan India serta kaum – kaum lain dan seterusnya kaum bumiputera Sabah dan Sarawak menyebabkan lahirnya perlembagaan. STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 - Perlembagaan Persekutuan Menjamin Kestabilan Politik
Perlembagaan menjamin kestabilan politik. Apakah itu politik? Politik merupakan ilmu berkaitan tentang kuasa, kaedah mendapatkan kuasa dan kaedah menggunakan kuasa. Perlembagaan Persekutuan menjamin kestabilan politik melalui fungsi perlembagaan sebagai sumber rujukan jika berlaku percanggahan. Perlembagaan menjadi garis panduan dalam perlaksanaan tugasan badan pemerintah dan perlaksanaan urus tadbir yang cekap. Semua pihak dapat menikmati keadilan dan hak – hak rakyat terpelihara melalui perlembagaan. Melalui senarai tugas dan kuasa yang diamanahkan kepada badan pemerintah oleh Perlembagaan Persekutuan , keadaan ini dapay mengelakkan sebarang bentuk penyalahgunaan kuasa. Perlembagaan Persekutuan juga turut memperkenalkan konsep pengasingan kuasa. Doktrin pengasingan kuasa dapat mengelakkan salah guna kuasa selain menjamin kecekapan sistem pemerintahan di Malaysia serta mengelakkan gangguan kelancaran pentadbiran di Malaysia. STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 - Perlembagaan Persekutuan teras Perpaduan
Perlembagaan dilihat sebagai teras perpaduan kerana Perlembagaan Persekutuan berfungsi dalam menjamin hubungan antara kaum, memperkukuhkan perpaduan nasional dan meningkatkan semangat patriotisme. Hubungan antara kaum dapat dipertingkatkan melalui Perlembagaan Persekutuan di mana terdapat Perkara di dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan yang menyentuh dan menjaimn hubungan antara kaum. Kepentingan semua kaum turut dilinduing melalui Perlembagaan Persekutuan. Garis panduan yang tersedia dalam Perlembagaan Persekutuan perlu difahami dan dihormati oleh semua pihak tanpa mengira kaum, agama dan pangkat. Dengan ini agenda memperkukuhkan perpaduan nasional dapat dilaksanakan. Walaupun Malaysia terdiri daripada masyarakat yang berbilang agama, bangsa dna kepercayaan , semangat patriotic masih dapat disuntik melalui perlembagaan yang menerapkan nilai – nilai murni dalam kalangan rakyat dan melahirkan masyarakat yang cintakan negara. STPM Pengajian Am Semester 1 – Perlembagaan Menjamin Keamanan Negara
Keamanan negara terjamin dengan memelihara keselamatan rakyat. Keselamatan rakyat terpelihara melalui penguatkuasaan undang – undang yang tercatat sebagai salah satu Perkara di dalam Perlembagaan Penguatkuasaan undang – undang ini diharap dapat memelihara dan menjamin keselamatan setiap warganegara. Keamanan juga dapat dikekalkan melalui kesejahteraan rakyat Perlembagaan Persekutuan merupakan asas penting dalam memacu pertumbuhan hidup rakyat dalam segenap aspek. Kepetingan semua kaum dan agama sentiasa terpelihara melalui keluhuran perlembagaan. Perlembagaan Persekutuan juga menentukan garis panduan serta tanggungjawab semua pihak serta melindungi kepentingan rakyat. Peruntukan ini dapat menjamin keamanan negara. Kewujudan Perlembagaan Persekutuan juga merupakan simbol jati diri bangsa Malaysia yang digubal berasaskan semangat Malaysia dan tidak boleh dipertikaikan oleh mana – mana kuasa asing. A Level Politics - Types of Direct Democracy
Referendums The public votes on a single issue in a majoritarian form of democracy. The side that receives more than 50% of the vote wins outright. Why are they used and how might they be criticised? These give the public a say in how the government handles important topics. Referendums, on the other hand, threaten representative democracy's essential ideals by granting people direct power. When they've been utilised? Referendum on Scottish independence (2014) The referendum on the United Kingdom's membership in the European Union (2016) Electronic Petition If 100,000 people sign a petition on the government's website, it will be considered for debate in the House of Commons. This isn't to say that legislation will have to be enacted. What are the reasons for their use and how may they be criticised? Parliament has been forced to interact with a variety of problems that the public cares deeply about as a result of e petitions. However, some e-petitions have been criticised for not understanding how UK democracy works, such as two votes of no confidence in Jeremy Hunt when he was health secretary. When have they been used? All youngsters should be vaccinated against meningitis B. A second referendum on the UK's membership in the European Union is being planned. Exercises in consultation These can be set up when governing bodies wish to see how their proposed policies would be received. What are the reasons for their use and how may they be criticised? These are a vital tool to engage the public in discussions about topics that directly impact them. Because this is a consultation exercise, what the public thinks isn't legally binding, and the exercise's effectiveness will be determined by how representative the poll is. When have they been used? The communities that would be impacted by Heathrow expansion and the HS2 rail link have been consulted. Open primaries A small number of constituencies have chosen to pick parliamentary candidates through open primaries, in which the public votes directly on who should be elected. What are the reasons for their use and how may they be criticised? People who participate in open primaries have a direct say in who will run for political office. This is a long-standing feature of American democracy, allowing people from opposing political parties, such as Donald Trump, to be elected. Whether or not this is a good thing is a point of contention. When have they been used? Sarah Wollaston, an independent MP, was elected as the Conservative candidate for Totnes in 2009 after winning an open primary. The leadership of political parties is elected. All of the major political parties now enable their members to vote on who will be their party's leader. This is a crucial power since it has the potential to determine who becomes Prime Minister. Supporters say that this holds the party's leadership accountable to the entire membership. This is a particularly compelling argument in the Labour Party, which regards itself as both a political party and a popular movement. Critics argue that it gives activists too much power, claiming that they are often more radical than the electorate. When have they been used? Jeremy Corbyn was elected leader of the Labour Party in 2015, receiving 59.5 percent of the vote from party members. In 2016, he was re-elected with the backing of 61.8 percent of the party's members. The 2015 Members of Parliament Act Why are they used and how might they be criticised? Constituents have the ability to force a by-election. A petition signed by 10% of an MP's constituents can force a by-election if the MP has been imprisoned, suspended from the House of Commons by the Committee of Standards, or convicted of making false expenses claims. When they've been utilised Ian Paisley Junior narrowly avoided a revocation petition in 2018. He was removed from the House of Commons for failing to declare two family vacations paid for by the Sri Lankan government. Only 9.4 percent of his constituents signed the petition, however. A Level Politics – Direct Democracy
In the United Kingdom, direct democracy exists. Direct democracy is a type of democracy in which citizens make decisions without having to go through representatives. It is participative and consultative. There is no separation between government and citizen in a direct democracy. Instead, the public is actively participating in the democratic process. It would be difficult for a huge modern nation state like the United Kingdom to be governed using direct democracy principles. In order to engage the public more closely in issues that directly affect them, aspects of direct democracy have been implemented into the UK's representative democracy system. A Level Politics - Representative democracy's drawbacks
Representative democracy critics contend that MPs are frequently alienated from the population and hence do not sufficiently reflect their interests in the UK. A self-perpetuating Westminster 'bubble' separates voters from their politicians, thanks to powerful pressure organisations and lobbyists, as well as the London-based media. Outside interests, such as second employment (as long as they report them), might exacerbate a conflict of interest and jeopardise an MP's capacity to completely represent their constituency. Former Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, for example, became editor of the Evening Standard while still a Member of Parliament. Because it is elected by first-past-the-post, the Westminster Parliament is particularly unrepresentative (FPTP). As a result, the Conservative and Labour parties dominate the House of Commons, while minority parties like UKIP and the Greens have struggled to secure adequate representation, despite polling well. The majority of members of Parliament are still white, male, and from the middle class. Critics claim that the interests of lower-income voters are not adequately reflected. The House of Lords is unelected and so unaccountable to the public, eroding Parliament's representational function even more. |
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