​What is Nephrology - What other dermatologic signs of kidney illness are there?

​What is Nephrology - What other dermatologic signs of kidney illness are there?
Xerosis, or dry skin, is common among dialysis patients, particularly on the extensor regions of the extremities. It can cause generalized pruritus and is inconvenient. Increased levels of melanocyte-stimulating hormone and consequent deposition of melanin in the basal layer of the epidermis have been linked to changes in pigmentation, particularly hyperpigmentation. The deposition of lipochrome pigment and carotenoids in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues may induce a "sallow" coloring of the skin in some patients. As a result of chronic kidney illness, pallor is frequently coupled with variable degrees of anemia. In circumstances of untreated and severe kidney illness, uremic frost refers to the deposition of crystalline urea released from perspiration in the epidermis. 

Ecchymosis is frequently linked to uremic platelet dysfunction. Lindsay nails, often referred to as "half and half nails," are a pale discoloration of the proximal half of fingernails that is thought to be caused by edema of the nail bed and underlying capillary network. African Americans with diabetes mellitus are more likely to develop acquired perforating dermatosis (Kyrle disease). The lesions are pruritic and include a linear confluence of papules with a central, oyster shell–like keratotic plug. They can be found on the trunk, proximal extremities, scalp, and face. An inflammatory skin reaction caused by the presence of uremic toxins, uric-acid deposits, or scratching-induced damage are all possible causes.

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a vesiculobullous illness that affects the dorsum of the hands and feet, but it can affect any sun-exposed area. Sclerodermoid plaques (facial hyperpigmentation) and hypertrichosis are frequently seen. Increased uroporphyrin levels are frequently the cause. The cornerstone of management is avoiding sun exposure. Use of high-flux dialysis membranes (to improve dialysis performance) and small-volume weekly phlebotomies in extreme, rare situations are further options for lowering uroporphyrin levels. Alcohol consumption, estrogen and iron supplementation, and persistent infections are all common triggering factors (e.g., hepatitis B or C virus, human immunodeficiency virus). Pseudoporphyria, which is clinically identical to PCT but has normal uroporphyrin levels, is a common differential diagnosis.