What is Pathology- Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Pathophysiology • Following a solid organ, bone marrow, or stem cell donation, GVHD may develop. The host cells are regarded as alien by the graft cells. • Chemotherapy and radiation treatment were used to prepare the host tissue for transplant, which is where Phase 1 of GVHD occurs. The host's CD4+ cells are stimulated by cytokines released from the damaged tissue. • Activated CD4+ cells cause the graft to activate T killer and NK cells, which initiate an immune response against the host's susceptible tissues (epithelial tissue, GI tract, and hepatocytes) in phase 2 of GVHD. Phase 3 of GVHD sees the onset of host tissue injury from immune cells and cytokines. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • The peripheral blood test reveals Howell-Jolly bodies, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an increase in eosinophils. • raised LE and liver biopsy; raised serum levels of IL-2 receptor alpha, TNF receptor 1, IL-8, and hepatocyte growth factor. • tests such as the US, CT scan, and Doppler to evaluate the liver. • A gastrointestinal system endoscopy. Complications include liver failure, infection, bleeding, and graft failure, all of which can be fatal. • The GI system and skin epithelium becoming permanently scarred. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • the elimination of donor T cells. • Anti-TNF medications, DMARDs, and immunosuppressive drugs. • Host CD4+ cell plasmapheresis. • Inform the customer that steroids and immunosuppressive medications may be administered before a bone marrow or stem cell transplant. • Keep an eye on your liver enzymes, blood chemistries, and periodic CBC. This illness appears three and a half months after transplant.
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