What is Pathology - Multiple Myeloma
Pathophysiology • Mutation of plasma cells, a type of B-lymphocyte, which invade the GI system, bone marrow, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, lungs, and adrenal glands. • The outlook for MM is poor. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • Joint pain, low-grade fever, and general malaise. Bone discomfort, particularly in the back or ribs. • Pneumonia, spinal nerve compression, pathologic fractures, and hypercalcemia. • The CBC reveals anemia, fluctuating WBC counts, and low platelet counts. • Bone scans, MRIs, CT scans, and X-rays all reveal serious osteoporosis. • M-type gamma globulins, also known as Bence-Jones protein, are detected in the urine. (24-hour urine). • A biopsy of the bone marrow reveals the existence of immature plasma cells. Complications • Renal calculi from hypercalcemia, pathologic fractures, spinal cord compression with lack of bowel and bladder control, and GVHD. • Sepsis, pneumonia, and recurrent illnesses. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Thalidomide, IV biphosphonates, high-dose steroids, and analgesics. • Care for kidney calculi, dehydration, respiratory infections, hypercalcemia, and hyperuricemia. • External beam radiation treatment combined with high-dose chemotherapy. • Teach the client to stay hydrated, walk as allowed, and stay safe. • Immediately report any fever, discomfort, or paresthesias. • Keep a close eye on your CBC, vital indicators, oxygen saturation, and breath sounds. • As allowed ovulation. • Carefully raise the client using a lift sheet, allowing for passive and active range of motion. • Promote up to 4 litres of fluid consumption per day; treat pain as necessary with medication.
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