What is Endocrinology - Why do people with hypothyroidism frequently have yellow skin?
The top layer of the epidermis's yellow tint is caused by an overgrowth of carotene (carotenoderma) (stratum corneum). Carotene tends to concentrate on the palms, soles, and face and is expelled through sweat and sebaceous glands. The elevated levels of beta-carotene are most likely a result of the liver's inability to convert beta-carotene to vitamin A.
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What is Endocrinology-What cutaneous symptoms of hypothyroidism are particularly significant?8/27/2022 What is Endocrinology-What cutaneous symptoms of hypothyroidism are particularly significant? The most recognisable cutaneous symptom of hypothyroidism is generalised myxedema. Xerosis (dry skin), follicular hyperkeratosis, generalised hair loss (particularly in the outer third of the eyebrows), dry and brittle nails, yellowish skin discolouration, and thyroid acropachy are other skin abnormalities (thickening of the distal fingers). With the proper thyroid replacement, all of these alterations to the skin can be reversed.
What is Endocrinology - What is adultorum scleredema?
The posterior neck, upper back, and shoulders are the most typical sites for the woody induration known as scleredema adultorum to appear. It can occasionally be more severe and affect the face, belly, and extremities. It is most frequently linked to insulin-dependent diabetes, while monoclonal gammopathies and streptococcal infections are less frequently linked. Increased skin collagen and hyaluronic acid are seen in biopsies (dermal mucin). There is no known pathophysiology. Scleredema adultorum, which is connected to insulin-dependent diabetes, is persistent and resistant to treatment. What is Endocrinology - Is the management of diabetes mellitus connected with any skin issues?8/27/2022 What is Endocrinology - Is the management of diabetes mellitus connected with any skin issues?
Yes. Insulin injections frequently cause negative side effects. Depending on the study, the stated incidence ranges from 10% to 56%. These issues can generally be categorised into three groups: reactions brought on by incorrect injections (such as intradermal injections), idiosyncratic reactions, and allergic reactions. Arthus reactions, localised delayed hypersensitivity, localised and generalised urticaria, and other types of allergic reactions have all been described. Occasional adverse cutaneous reactions with oral hypoglycemic medications include photosensitivity, urticaria, erythema multiforme, and erythema nodosum. When used with alcohol, chlorpropamide in particular might cause flushing. What is Endocrinology -What makes diabetics in ketoacidosis more susceptible to mucormycosis?8/27/2022 What is Endocrinology -What makes diabetics in ketoacidosis more susceptible to mucormycosis? Some Zygomycetes, such as the species of Mucor, Mortierella, Rhizopus, and Absidia, are thermotolerant, prefer an acidic pH, develop quickly in the presence of high glucose concentrations, and are among the few fungus that utilise ketones as a growth substrate. As a result, diabetics with ketoacidosis offer the perfect habitat for the growth of these fungi and are particularly vulnerable to developing rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Thankfully, these severe and frequently fatal fungal infections are uncommon.
What is Endocrinology - What fungal mucocutaneous infection is most frequently linked to diabetes mellitus?
Candida albicans typically causes candidiasis, the most prevalent mucocutaneous fungal infection linked to diabetes. Vulvovaginitis is more common in women. According to one study, 2/3 of diabetic patients have Candida albicans cultures that are positive. The rate of positive cultures is close to 99% in women who have vulvitis symptoms and indications. The same is true for diabetic men and women who report anal pruritus: positive cultures are highly common in these patients. Thrush, perlèche (angular cheilitis), intertrigo, erosio interdigitalis blastomycetica chronica, paronychia (infection of the soft tissue surrounding the nail plate), and onychomycosis are further mucocutaneous types of candidiasis (infection of the nail). The mechanism seems to be connected to elevated glucose levels, which act as a substrate for the growth of Candida species. Patients should get a diabetic screening if they have recurrent cutaneous candidiasis in any form. What is Endocrinology - What bacterial skin infections are most frequently linked to diabetes mellitus?
The diabetic foot and amputation ulcers are connected to the dangerous skin infections that are most frequently linked to diabetes mellitus. One autopsy investigation found that, compared to 0.5% of the general population, 2.4% of diabetic patients had infectious skin ulcerations on their extremities. Despite the lack of well-controlled studies, it is thought that diabetes patients are more susceptible to staphylococcal skin infections, such as furunculosis and staphylococcal wound infections. In one study, 47% of adult diabetic patients had erythrasma, a benign superficial bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum. Erythrasma typically appears clinically as tan to reddish-brown lesions in intertriginous areas like the groyne. Because the organisms create porphyrins, a stunning coral red glow using a Wood's lamp can be used to diagnose the condition. What is Endocrinology - Do diabetic patients get skin infections more frequently than people without diabetes?
Yes, but skin infections probably don't happen as frequently as most medical professionals think. According to studies, higher mean plasma glucose levels are substantially correlated with a higher prevalence of skin infections. What is Endocrinology -What should be done to treat necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum? Occasionally, necrobiosis lipoidica may go away on its own. It does not appear to be responsive to either tighter control of already established diabetes or treatment of diabetes in new cases. Treatment with strong topical or intralesional corticosteroids may be effective for early lesions. Oral therapy with stanozolol, niacinamide, pentoxifylline, mycophenolate mofetil, cyclosporine, or photodynamic therapy may be effective for more severe instances. Surgery grafting may be necessary in severe situations with recalcitrant ulcers.
What is Endocrinology - How does necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum differ from diabetes mellitus?8/27/2022 What is Endocrinology - How does necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum differ from diabetes mellitus? 62% of individuals with necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum in a large research had diabetes. Nearly half of the non-diabetic patients had a family history of diabetes, and about half of the non-diabetic patients had abnormal glucose tolerance tests. However, only 0.3% of diabetic people have necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. For people who don't also have diabetes, the illness is known as necrobiosis lipoidica. Patients who report with necrobiosis lipoidica should be examined for diabetes due to the substantial correlation between both illnesses; those who test negative should undergo periodic reevaluation.
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