What is Pathology - What organs are capable of pure hypertrophy?
Only the heart and skeletal muscle experience pure hypertrophy without hyperplasia. Because myocytes in the heart muscle are terminally differentiated and unable to divide, a greater demand for activity can only be fulfilled by increasing the number of the muscle cells. The heart is immune to hyperplasia. Reserve cells in skeletal muscles may potentially divide and contribute to muscle mass, but this never happens under normal circumstances. Muscle cell hypertrophy meets the demand for more effort in this way.
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What is Pathology - What causes pathologic atrophy in the first place?
Pathologic atrophy can be caused by a variety of factors, including: Muscle Atrophy: Muscle atrophy happens when muscles are not used. Denervation: Transection or loss of motor neurons causes skeletal muscle atrophy. Endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, adrenal, and gonads) atrophy after pituitary resection due to a lack of trophic hormones. Ischemia: A lack of blood causes the brain or kidneys to atrophy. Malnutrition: A lack of protein and calories can induce skeletal muscle and parenchymal organ atrophy. What is Pathology - Is atrophy usually a sign of disease?
Physiologic or pathologic atrophy can occur. The uterus shrinks after pregnancy, which is an example of physiologic atrophy. It is normal for the thymus to atrophy (involve) during adolescence or early adulthood. The uterus shrinks when the ovaries are removed, although this can be restored with hormone therapy. Thymic involution is permanent. What is Pathology - What exactly is atrophy?
The term "atrophy" refers to a reduction in the size of cells, tissues, or organs. Because the nucleus and cytoplasm of atrophic cells have reduced in size, they are smaller than normal. Atrophic cell-based tissues and organs are noticeably smaller. They can, however, shrink in size as a result of cell loss. Involution is another term for this type of atrophy, which is usually an age-related, irreversible occurrence. What is Pathology - What role do cellular adaptations play in the body?
Changes in cells and tissues occur as a result of sustained stimulation, a shortage of oxygen and nutrients, or chronic injury, and are referred to as adaptation. Adaptations are normally reversible, although they can become irreversible in some instances. They include reversible processes like atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia, as well as intracellular accumulation of various chemicals. What is Pathology - What role does the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 play in B-cell lymphoma pathogenesis?
Bcl-2 is a protein that generally prevents cells from dying. Its name comes from the fact that it was first discovered in B-cell lymphoma cells. In B-cell lymphoma cells, it is encoded by a gene that is overexpressed. Bcl-2 stops lymphoma cells from dying, making them "immortal." These cells build up in lymph nodes and survive the host, who is usually killed by the immortal tumour cells. What is Pathology - Is it possible for viruses to cause apoptosis?
Yes. Hepatocyte apoptosis in viral hepatitis is the finest example. Hepatocytes that have entered apoptosis appear as anuclear, spherical eosinophilic bodies. Similar apoptotic entities found in the liver of yellow fever patients are known as Councilman bodies, after the scientist who first identified them. Apoptosis is how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) kills CD4 helper T cells. What is Pathology - What happens if apoptosis is not genetically programmed during foetal development?
Many organs require apoptosis for optimal development, and if it does not occur, abnormalities may result. The loss of interdigital folds on foetal limbs, for example, is mediated by apoptosis. The fingers will not develop normally if apoptosis does not occur (syndactyly). What is Pathology - What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
Single cells are normally affected by apoptosis, whereas larger groupings of cells or tissues are affected by necrosis. During necrosis, there is no gene activity and most cytoplasmic maintenance enzymes are inactivated; during apoptosis, enzyme activation and inhibition are controlled sequentially by genes. Cells inflate (oncosis) during necrosis, and the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells disintegrate into apoptotic bodies during apoptosis. Neutrophils phagocytize necrotic cells, which cause an inflammatory response. Nonprofessional phagocytes, such as adjacent cells or macrophages, phagocytize apoptotic materials. What is Pathology - What causes apoptosis signals to cause cell death?
The initiator caspases, which work on execution caspases, are activated by the initial signal on the cell membrane or from the mitochondria. These subsequently act on enzymes, nucleic acids, and cytoskeletal proteins, causing the nucleus and cytoplasm to be fragmented into membrane-bound apoptotic entities. Neighboring cells or macrophages phagocytize apoptotic bodies. |
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