St. Louis Encephalitis
St louis encephalitis is a form of encephalitis which may progress into flu like febrile illness. The common symptoms and signs of St. Louis encephalitis are high fever, nausea, headache, myalgia, neck stiffness, malaise, backache and disorientation. St. Louis encephalitis is caused by St. Louis virus which is a form of flavivirus member. St. Louis encephalitis virus is detected via the virus specific IgM in the cerebrospinal fluid or serum. The virus is transmitted by the infected mosquito bites. The virus will enter the blood stream from the sites of inoculation. The virus will travel to the brain and affect the monocytes - macrophages lineage cells. The virus spread through the central nervous system via the choroid plexus or capillary endothelial cells. The common treatment may include DEET containing insect repellant and proper protective clothing.
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Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepis nana is a segmented flatworm ( cestode) which is also known as dwarf tapeworm. Hymennolepis nana can be detected by inspecting the stool which may indicate the present of six hooked embryo or Hymenolepis nana eggs. The mode of transmission is fecal oral route. Once the eggs of Hymenolepis nana is ingested the larvae will form. The larva will attach to the intestine and grow into adult worms. The worms burden may lead to gastrointestinal disturbance such as diarrhea. The adult worm may produce eggs which are past into the stools. The condition is treated with praziquantel. Tinea Capitis
Tinea Capitis is also known as scalp ringworm. Tinea capitis may present with itchy, dry, erythematous ring like lesion which appear on the scalp. The lesions may present as an area of alopecia. Tinea capitis may be detected by the present of hyphae on direct microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide preparation of the skin, nails and hairs. The common causes of tinea capitis may include dermatophytes in the forms of Trichophyton tonsurans and Microsporum canis. Microsporum canis may floresce under the ultraviolet lights. The dermatophytes are known as keratinophilic. The dermatophytes may release keratinase which able to digest keratin. The common mode of transmission may include close contact with infected humans or infected animals. Clothing, towels and brushes are also the common mode of transmission due to indirectly contact with detached hair or skins. The common treatment of tinea capitis may include good personal hygiene and topical therapy with terbinafine and tolnaftate. Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Ebola hemorrhagic fever is caused by Marburg virus and Ebola virus. Marburg and Ebola viruses are filoviruses. Serology test is considered in detecting the virus specific IgG or IgM and polymerase chain reaction and immunoassay able to detect the DNA of the virus or antigen. There will be an increase in the release of cytokines which lead to an increase in the vascular permeability. The Ebola and Marburg viruses may infect the macrophages. The virus will spread via vascular system and lymphatic system and affecting the liver and spleen causing the necrosis of the spleen and the liver. Patient may present with destruction of large cells and tissues with hemorrhage and shock. Patient may die due to shock and multi organ failure. Patient may present with sudden onset of fever, abdominal pain, myalgia, malaise, joint pain, muscle pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. The condition may progress to bleeding into the mucous membrane, skin and visceral organs. Genital herpes
Genital herpes may present with painful vesicular type lesion which present at the perineum, penis, cervix, vagina and vulva. Patient may present with accompanied symptoms and sign such as lymphadenopathy, malaise, fever and dysuria.Infected patient may also spread the infection without any clinical symptoms. Genital herpes is caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 and herpes simplex virus type 1. Herpes simplex virus can be detected with Herpes simplex virus type specific fluorescent antibody staining. The common risk factors of genital herpes may include past history of sexual transmitted disease, early sexual activity and multiple partners for sex. The vesicular lesions may present with multinucleated giant cells which can be detected using Tzanck smears. Herpes simplex virus may cause localized lytic infection which affect the mucosal epithelial cells. Herpes simplex virus will be spreading to the innervating neurons. The herpes simplex virus will caused latent infection after transporting to the dorsal root ganglia. Reactivation of the infection may occur which may result in the reappearance of the painful vesicular lesions. External factors such as suppression of the immune system and stress and sunlight may reactivated the latent infection which affect the epithelial cells innervated by sensory nerve. Patient is advised to considered safe sex and barrier contraceptive.The common treatment for genital herpes may include acyclovir, famciclovir and valacycovir. Muskrat Fever
Muskrat fever is caused by Francisella tularensis which is a gram positive bacteria. Serology testing , flurorescent antibody assays and cysteine rich media are considered in diagnosing the present of Francisella tularensis. Francisella tularensis may produce beta lactamases. Francisella tularensis may survive in reticuloendothelial cells. Muskrat fever is highly contagious. The common symptoms and signs may include oculoglandular conjunctivitis, ulcerglandular disease, pulmonary disorders, typhoidal disease, glandular disorders and gastrointestinal discomfort. The common mode of transmission may include ingestion of contaminated meat, inhalation of the air droplets or infected tick bites. The virulence factors of francisella tularensis may include endotoxin and anti phagolytic capsule. The prevention method may include avoiding of tick bites. Streptomycin is useful in treating Muskrat fever. A vaccine is considered in treating high risk patient. Enterococcus faecalis infection
Enterococcus faecalis is gram positive cocci with catalase negative properties. Enterococcus faecalis is a Lancefield group D with the ability to hydrolyze esculin. The common mode of transmission is fecal oral route or via endogenous route. Enterococcus faecalis may lead to endocarditis mostly in damaged valves of the heart, bacteremia ( peritoneal and vascular catheter as a source of infection ) and urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infection is associated with indwelling catheter as a source of infection. Enterococcus faecalis normally present in the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract and in the intra abdominal wounds. Enterococcus faecalis is resistant to multiple forms of antibiotics. The treatment of enterococcus faecalis infection may include vancomycin, aminoglycosides and ampicillin ( cell wall active antibiotics). La Crosse Virus Encephalitis
La Crosse Virus encephalitis may present with sudden onset of fever, malaise, nausea,vomiting and headache. The common complication may include seizures. La Crosse Virus encephalitis is caused by La Crosse virus. La Crosse virus is a form of arbovirus.La Crosse virus is a family member of bunyavirus. La Crosse encephalitis is also a subtype of the California encephalitis virus serogroup. The serological testing for IgG and IgM antibodies to La Crosse virus encephalitis is useful in identifying La Crosse virus encephalitis. La Crosse Virus is transmitted via the infected mosquito bites. The bites may lead to viremia. The virus may disseminated to the central nervous system . Insecticides is considered in controlling the mosquito vector. Whooping Cough
Whooping cough is caused by gram negative rod Bordetella pertussis. Bordetella pertussis is detected by culture media with high nicotinamide. Whooping cough present with symptoms such as paroxysmal coughing, fatigue and copious production of mucus. Bordetella pertussis is highly infectious and the mode of transmission is via airbone droplets. Bordetella pertussis will block the normal mechanism of respiratory clearance. Bordetella pertussis will bind to the ciliated respiratory epithelial cells by filamentous hemagglutinin. Pertussis toxin is a form of A-B toxin which will lead to activation of the adenylate cyclase of the host while cyclolysin is the adenylate cyclase of the bacterial. Pertussis toxin and cyclolysin will lead to elevation of cAMP which finally cause an increase in the secretion of mucus. The common treatment of whooping cough may include supportive care such as supplemental of oxygen and suction or the mucus from the respiratory system. Antibiotic such as erythromycin is considered. Acellular vaccine ( against pertussis toxin ) is also considered. Klebsiella pneumoniae infection
Klebsiella pneumoniae is gram negative rod which present with large mucoid capsulre. The common virulence factors of klebsiella pneumonia may include protease, cell wall endotoxin and mucoid capsule. Klebsiella pneumoniae may lead to urinary tract infection as well as necrotizing pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumonia mostly present in oropharynx in cases of elderly or alcoholic. Pneumonia may occur due to aspiration of klebsiella pnuemonaie from the oropharynx. Klebsiella pneumoniae mostly present in the water, large and intestine. |
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