What is Pathology - Peripheral Arterial Disease
Pathophysiology The gradual narrowing of artery lumen brought on by the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaque is what leads to PAD. If all of the arteries are completely blocked, necrosis and ulceration (gangrene) occur, and the leg is rendered completely immobile. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • The five Ps: pallor, paralysis, paresthesia, and pulselessness. • Leg heaviness and pain that subsides with rest after a brief time of exertion. In both the upper and lower limbs, ABI measures BP. Ankle blood pressure drops after a brief time of exercise in the client with PAD, indicating constriction and reduced perfusion. Doppler ultrasound equipment detects blood flow velocity. • Images from MRIs depict artery blockage. • Angiography and plethysmography to see the flow of blood through the limb. • A complete blood chemistry and lipid panel to evaluate electrolytes and nitrogenous wastes. • D-dimer test to check for inflammatory indicators; Crp and interleukin 6 to check for fibrin degradation products. Complications • Necrosis, vascular ulcerations, gangrene, and amputation. • Thromboembolism, CVA, and MI. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure Pentoxifylline, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, and anticoagulants are among the list. • Amputee. • Encourage clients to get annual physicals and blood tests to check for atherosclerotic risk factors. • Consume a balanced meal and exercise each day. • Keep an eye on the customer with PAD's dependent and elevated extremities. Check your pulses by palpating; note any lack of pulse, spotting, or cold extremities. • Keep an eye on your glucose levels and anticoagulant medication.
0 Comments
What is Pathology - Varicose Veins
Pathophysiology The body's venous return is reliant on the skeletal muscle pump's muscular movements. Successful operation of the vein's internal valves results in forward flow that ultimately returns to the heart. • Venous hypertension develops during pregnancy as a result of the foetus' pressure, and hormones weaken the valves, increasing the risk of anus and varicose veins in the legs. Varicosities that are situated more superficially are easier to see than those that are deeper. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • Hemorrhoids around the anus or visibly visible tortuous veins on the thighs. Due to portal hypertension, the oesophagus may also develop varicosities. • Blood accumulation can be seen on contrast venography, MRI, and colour-flow duplex ultrasound. • Clients express discomfort, pressure, or a dragging feeling in their thighs. Thromboembolisms, venous ulcers, and gushing varicosities are among the complications. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Sclerosant substances. • Radiofrequency ablation, ambulatory phlebectomy, endovenous laser treatment, and the conventional saphenectomy with saphenofemoral ligation. • Corticosteroids and additional immunosuppressive medications. • Teach clients how to plantar flex, dorsiflex, and shift their weight from one leg to the other. If they remain still for a long time, advise them to wear compression stockings. • Encourage your pregnant customers to frequently lift their legs. • Check to see if the patient who received therapy is wearing compression stockings. What is Pathology - Venous Stasis Ulcer
Pathophysiology • Venous pressure in the lower limbs rises and blood is not returned to the heart effectively. The increased venous pressures result in waste-carrying serous fluid leaking into the interstitial area and blood flowing backward into capillary exchange beds. • Increased pressure in a vein causes a small rupture that becomes a deeper wound that cannot heal due to poor capillary access to inflammatory agents, oxygen, and glucose. • Edema in the interstitial space inhibits capillary access for all cells and can be serious. Inflammatory substances that become stuck in the subcutaneous tissue cause the wound to ulcerate by damaging the veins' valves and causing serous fluid to leak out. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • Extremity edoema with brittle, brown skin. • The ulcer's culture was collected. • Infection from CBC to R/O. Complications • Infection, persistent ulcers that don't resolve and reduce the client's quality of life, and reulceration. • Permanent harm to the vessels' valves. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure Unna's thigh is elevated as the compression bandage on her boot is wrapped. • The use of pentoxifylline. • Skin transplants and synthetic skin grown in culture. • Clients are told to stroll if they can. • Stress the value of lifting the thighs while walking and using the skeletal muscle pump. • Check for recovery after removing the compression boots. (every 2–7 days). • The region should not be disturbed if skin grafts are used until skin buds are visible. What is Pathology -Aortic Stenosis
Pathophysiology • The flaps of the valve can become thickened, scarred, calcified, vegetated, or fused as AS progresses. • As a result of the sympathetic nervous system being engaged to make up for poor cardiac production, left ventricular hypertrophy develops. Heart failure happens when compensatory systems are ineffective. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • The existence of a sternal border or apex-down, crescendo-decrescendo, noisy, harsh midsystolic murmur that extends to the side of the neck. At the second right ICS, heard loudest. • Low blood pressure, exhaustion, dizziness or syncope, palpitations, and angina chest discomfort. • The left heart and ventricle are enlarged on the CXR and ECG. • Aortic valve dysfunction, reduced cardiac output, and a lowered ejection fraction are all visible on two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. • Cardiac catheterization reveals reduced cardiac production and elevated ventricular pressure. Complications: lung edoema and CHF. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Anticoagulant and prophylactic antibiotic treatment. • Valvotomy in adolescents; valve replacement in seniors. • Tell customers to report any instances of syncope, vertigo, or chest pain right away. • Tell customers to go to the doctor right away if they experience chest pain. • Inform the patient about the significance of continuing anticoagulant medication and attending lab appointments in the event that a valve replacement is done. • Keep track of the INR and PT in patients receiving warfarin treatment and having valve replacement. • Check the CBC for anemia, check the platelet count, and check for bleeding. • On the valves, microorganisms can develop and produce flora that can embolise. .What is Pathology - Deep Vein Thrombosis
Pathophysiology • Venous stasis, damage to the artery wall, and hypercoagulability are some of the causes of DVT. Women have a higher chance of bleeding during pregnancy due to an excess of clotting factors. • DVT is more likely to occur in regions where blood moves more slowly, typically where veins bend. Clients who have undergone surgery are more at risk because of exercise. • Dehydration and hemolysis brought on by septicemia can cause DVT. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • Unilateral pitting edoema with pain and erythema over the affected limb. • A favourable Homans' indication. • Fibrin breakdown products as shown by the D-dimer test. Duplex ultrasound can identify the blockage and variations in venous flow. • The afflicted area's venous outflow is slowed according to impedance plethysmography. • MRI to scan the sites of the iliac or inferior vena cava. DVT is visible on a CT venogram. Complications • A severe thromboembolic PE, MI, or CVA. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Thrombolytics and anticoagulants, then outpatient warfarin therapy. • Early morning walking and compression tights. • Vena caval filter insertion and thrombectomy. • Show the individual how to report any swelling, discomfort, or warmth in an extremity. • If you experience abrupt dyspnea, get medical help right away. • Teach the client how to move around on lengthy car rides and flights. • Never reiterate a favourable Homans' evaluation. • Keep an eye on platelets and bleeding duration. • Keep the customer on bedrest as directed. What is Pathology – Cardiomyopathy
Pathophysiology • Heart failure brought on by an enlargement of the heart's compartments or muscle. • Dilated and restrictive are the main kinds. • Causes include autoimmune illness, myocarditis, chronic alcohol or cocaine use, HIV, thiamine or zinc deficiency, and heredity. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • S3 gallop rate, angina, arrhythmias, dyspnea, exhaustion, and syncope. • An abnormal myocardial thickness or big chamber size can be seen on an ECHO. The ECG reveals arrhythmias. • Cardiac catheterization, which shows the extent and contractility of the chambers. • Cardiac MRI to determine the extent of the heart chambers and wall. Complications • Heart disease that is congestive. • The septum may enlarge in the hypertrophic variety, blocking the aortic valve and leading to abnormal cardiac rhythms and sudden death. • Thromboembolisms. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Anticoagulants and antiarrhythmics; • Type-related medications and treatments. • Inform family members how to administer CPR and to call 911 if the client suffers syncope, chest pain, or dyspnea. • Keep an eye on the patient's vital signs, oxygen saturation, and ECG for arrhythmias as well as for worsening congestive heart failure symptoms. • Keep in mind that thromboemboli can cause PE, MI, or CVA. Watch your PT and INR. What is Pathology - Rheumatic Endocarditis
Pathophysiology • BHS that cause impetigo or throat infections enter the circulation and result in bacteremia. Typically 2-3 weeks after the original infection, the BHS infects the heart. Clients may experience it as a kid and later experience rheumatic endocarditis at any age. • The entire heart is affected, with all cardiac structures displaying widespread inflammation. Vegetation that has been accumulated on the valves can harm the endocardium, and structural abnormalities in the heart can lead to CHF. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • Tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, heart murmur, chest discomfort, fever, subcutaneous nodules, polyarthritis, arthralgia, dyspnea, cough, and abdominal pain. • The ECG reveals a lengthening PR gap. • The mitral valve's irregular movement is visible on an ECHO. • A pharynx culture that is positive for BHS and has an antistreptolysin O titer of more than 250 IU/mL; the CBC and ESR also indicate infection and inflammation. Thromboembolism, mitral or aortic valve insufficiency, and CHF are complications. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • As-needed antipyretics and long-term antimicrobial treatment. • Heart failure treatment. • Mitral valve replacement, percutaneous inflatable valvuloplasty, or mitral valvulotomy. • Explain to patients that any sore throat or case of impetigo needs to be cultured, treated, and then cultured again to make sure the illness has been cured. • Keep an eye out for CBC progress. • Keep an eye out for signs of heart failure and pericardial friction rub in the customer. • Keep an eye on exercise tolerance and oxygen saturation; provide relaxing activities. What is Pathology – Myocarditis
Pathophysiology Viral, bacterial, protozoan, and fungal diseases are among the causes of myocardial infiltration by inflammatory cells, which results in the necrosis of muscle cells and fibrosis. Pregnant women, those receiving radiation treatment to the chest region, and the elderly are also at risk, as are inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, exposure to chemicals or toxins, and radiation therapy. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • CBC and ESR to identify infection and inflammation; elevated cardiac troponin I; ST-segment elevation and Q-wave development on the ECG; total heart block and BBB on the ECG; CO and EF on the ECHO. • An MRI reveals inflamed regions. • A rise in temperature and chest discomfort. • Heart failure symptoms. • An endomyocardial biopsy to look for injury and the cause of it in the myocardium's cells. • The detection of a viral illness using PCR in biopsy samples from the myocardium. Pericarditis, arrhythmias, chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, and cardiac failure are all complications. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Anticoagulants to prevent the growth of thromboembolus. • Beta-blockers, loop diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and heart glycosides. • A cardiac transplant or temporary pacemaker. • Teach customers to report any sudden start of dyspnea or ankle swelling right away. • After diagnosis, activity will likely be restricted, possibly forever. • Explain cardiac transplantation to students. • Keep an eye out for chest discomfort, pericarditis (pericardial friction rub), and worsening heart failure symptoms. What is Pathology – Pericarditis
Pathophysiology The pericardial cavity is inflamed by pericarditis. The fibrous muscle layer that encircles the heart is called the pericardial sac. It holds and is bathed in roughly 25–50 mL of serous fluid under normal conditions. The pericardial sac can become inflamed by a variety of illnesses, medical conditions, and medications. In pericarditis, the capacity may rise to 1,500 mL. Both hospital treatments and trauma can result in hemopericardium. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • Radiating substernal chest pain, dyspnea, low-grade fever, cough, and pericardial friction rub. This pain worsens with deep inspiration or laying flat and is somewhat alleviated by sitting up straight and leaning forward. • Blood chemistries to detect uremia; pericardiocentesis fluid analysis to identify the causal agent; ECG shows ST-T wave elevation; echocardiogram shows pericardial effusions; CT scans and MRI can show the status of the pericardial tissue and effusions. Complications • Pericardial effusion, which is the buildup of fluid there. • A significant pericardial effusion reduces cardiac filling, which can result in shock or mortality. Heart failure is brought on by pericarditis with constriction. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure The causative element affects the drug therapy. • Pericardiocentesis, which involves opening a window in the pericardium or performing a balloon pericardiotomy to treat chronic or recurrent pericarditis. • Tell customers to go to the hospital right away if they have chest pain or dyspnea. • After pericardiocentesis, keep an eye on your ECG, oxygen saturation, and respiratory comfort. • Examine patients having invasive cardiac procedures for pericarditis following the procedure. What is Pathology - Ventricular Fibrillation
Pathophysiology • CAD, MI, and structural or inflammatory cardiac diseases are linked to VF. Administration of antiarrhythmic medications, atrial arrhythmia, cardioversion, and hypoxic conditions can all cause it. • Marfan's syndrome, tetralogy of Fallot, Kawasaki's disease, long QT syndrome, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome are congenital diseases that predispose to VF. • Hyperkalemia and hypomagnesemia, cardiac catheterization, and pacemaker wire placement are other causes of VF. Evaluation and Diagnostic Results • The ECG exhibits an erratic beat and lacks a P wave, PR interval, or QRS complex. • The client instantly loses consciousness, has no pulse, and no blood pressure. • Cyanosis, respiratory failure, cardiovascular collapse, and pupillary enlargement take place. Death, cerebral anoxia, aspiration pneumonia, defibrillation injury, and recurrent VF events are all complications. Medical Attention and Surgical Procedure • Following the ACLS procedure, immediate defibrillation, oxygen therapy, intubation, and the administration of antiarrhythmics, anticholinergics, and vasopressors. • CABG to treat circulation issues. • ICD for individuals at recognised risk. • Promote the use of AEDs and CPR among all clients and family members for personal protection and the advancement of public health. • Inform clients that if they feel any chest discomfort, they should call emergency services. • Adhere to the ACLS procedures and algorithms to improve the chances of the client surviving. Defibrillate right away, and constantly keep an eye on your vital signs, oxygen saturation, and ECG. • Adhere to pacemaker safety procedures |
Kembara's Health SolutionsDiscovering the world of health and medicine. Archives
June 2023
Categories
All
|